2.5. Relative Clauses (part 2)

Did you use to make origami when you were younger? If so, what origami figures did you use to make?

Warm-up Activity

Exam task on page 86

What is her job?

Exercise 1.2 on page 87

Exercise 1.3 on page 87

Exercise 1.4 on page 87 on Wordwall:

https://wordwall.net/es/resource/111911451

Grammar Point of Relative and Participle Clauses

-ing clauses correspond to defining relative clauses with an active verb, and -ed clauses correspond to defining relative clauses with a passive verb: 

 The editor working on the cookbook or magazine is often there, too. (= The editor who is working ...) 

A challenge facing food photographers is how to keep food looking fresh. (= A challenge which faces ...) 

The big problem is the heat produced by the lights. (= ... the heat that is produced ...) 

Personally, I prefer food not made of cardboard! (= ...food which is not made of cardboard!) 

Verbs which are not normally used in continuous forms may be used in reduced relative -ing clauses. This spray bottle contains glycerine mixed with water.

However, we can say: I generally have with me a spray bottle containing glycerine and water. 

Other verbs like this include belong to, comprise, consist of constitute, equal, own, possess, resemble, result from, surround. 

Reduced relative clauses can also be used instead of non-defining relative clauses, particularly in written English: Her photographs, taken in her studio in California ... (= ... which were taken in her studio in California ...) My parents - not having much money - rarely took us to restaurants. (= ... who didn't have much money ...) These are usually written between commas (,) or dashes (-). 

2.2. To-infinitive clauses 

We often use a to-infinitive clause instead of a relative clause after: 

• a superlative + noun (phrase): I was the youngest person in the competition to win any of the major categories. 
• the first/second, etc + noun (phrase): She was really the first person to encourage me to take up food photography. 
• the only / the next I the last I another I one + noun (phrase): By the time we photograph the food, its completely cold. The only thing to do in that case is to create steam from elsewhere.

Often we can use an active or passive to-infinitive clause with little difference in meaning The only thing to do in that case is to create steam from elsewhere. or The only thing to be done .. 

2.3. Adjective phrases 

Adjectives and adjective phrases can be used after nouns with a meaning similar to a relative clause. Often the adjective is followed by a to-infinitive or preposition, or used with an adverb: 

It was easy to find a photographer willing to take an assistant for no pay! (= a photographer who was willing to take an assistant for no pay!) 

It's a job difficult for even a skilled photographer (= ... a job which is difficult for even a skilled photographer.) Glycerine's a liquid, completely colourless, that's often used to sweeten food. (= a liquid which is completely colourless, ...) 

A few adjectives (e.g. affected, available, present) can be used alone after a noun with a meaning similar to a relative clause:  

We use cardboard or any other material available. or ... material which is available. 

2.4 Prepositional phrases 

We can give additional information about a thing or person using a prepositional phrase. Often these have a meaning similar to a relative clause: 

The vegetables around that succulent piece of meat could be made from plastic. (= The vegetables which are around ...)

Exercise 3.1 on page 89

Exercise 3.2 on page 90